SUMMARY
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an under- recognized hepatic ailment with increasing prevalence, is fast emerging as the dark horse of hepatic related morbidity and mortality. Though introduced as a hepatic condition as early as 1980, detailed exploration of its causes, underlying mechanisms and therapeutics has largely remained an ignored or neglected field. Only recently, the focus of attention has gravitated towards an understanding of NASH as a pathological manifestation of significance and a search for possible therapeutic interventions. Treatment schedules as of now involve life style management and usage of anti-diabetic or anti-obesity drugs and antioxidants. In the present review, we have focused on the available treatment schedules including herbal agents, plant extracts, polyherbal formulations and isolated phytocompounds. We present here a review of the available literature on pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of herbals including our recent findings on two plant extracts which can be used in mitigating NASH. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of NASH and the future of therapeutics and remediation by herbal principles, an aspect of the urgent need to target this important medical condition that contributes to many cases of silent morbidity and mortality.
KEY WORDS
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; herbal medicine; phytocompounds; polyherbal formulation
REFERENCES
Adams LA, Feldstein AE. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: risk factors and diagnosis: metabolic risk factors for NASH. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 4: 623-635, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Ahmed LA, Ramadan RS, Mohamed RA. Biochemical and histopathological studies on the water extracts of marjoram and chicory herbs and their mixture in obese rats. Pak J Nutr. 8: 1581-1587, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Amarapurkar DN, Hashimoto E, Lesmana LA, Sollano JD, Chen P, Goh KL. How common is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region, and are there local differences? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 22: 788-793, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Amini R, Nosrati N, Yazdanparast R, Molaei M. Teucrium polium in prevention of steatohepatitis in rats. Liver Int. 29: 1216-1221, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Amini R, Yazdanparast R, Aghazadeh S, Ghaffari SH. Teucrium polium reversed the MCD diet-induced liver injury in rats. Hum Exp Toxi. Doi: 0960327110388961, 2010. 2011.
Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 346: 1221-1231, 2002.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 107: 1103-1109, 1994.
[PubMed]
Bahcecioglu IH, Kuzu N, Metin K, Ozercan IH, Ustundag B, Sahin K, Kucuk O. Lycopene prevents development of steatohepatitis in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by high-fat diet. Vet Med Int. 2010. Doi: 10.4061/2010/262179, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Barker DJ. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13: 364-368, 2002.
[CrossRef]
Baxi DB, Singh PK, Vachhrajani KD, Ramachandran AV. Diabetic glucose dyshomeostasis and dyslipidemia in estrogen deficient rats: melatonin Supplementation more potent than estrogen replacement therapy in alleviating the symptoms. Diabetologia Croatica. 40: 1-13, 2011.
Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, Balas B, Gastaldelli A, Tio F, Pulcini J, Berria R, Ma JZ et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 355: 2297-2307, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bose M, Lambert JD, Ju J, Reuhl KR, Shapses SA, Yang CS. The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J Nutr. 138: 1677-1683, 2008.
[PubMed]
Browning JD, Horton JD. Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest. 114: 147-152, 2004.
[PubMed]
Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, Cohen JC, Grundy SM, Hobbs HH. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology. 40: 1387-1395, 2004.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bruno RS, Dugan CE, Smyth JA, DiNatale DA, Koo SI. Green tea extract protects leptin-deficient, spontaneously obese mice from hepatic steatosis and injury. J Nutr. 138: 323-331, 2008.
[PubMed]
Bujanda L, Hijona E, Larzabal M, Beraza M, Aldazabal P, García-Urkia N, Sarasqueta C, Cosme A, Irastorza B, Gonzalez A, Arenas JI, Jr. Resveratrol inhibits nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. BMC Gastroenterol. 8: 40, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Cai S, Huang C, Ji B, Zhou F, Wise ML, Zhang D, Yang P. In vitro antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect, on oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis, of fractions and subfractions from oat (Avena sativa L.) ethanol extract. Food Chem. 124: 900-905, 2011.
[CrossRef]
Caldwell SH, Harris DM, Patrie JT, Hespenheide EE. Is NASH underdiagnosed among African Americans? Am J Gastroenterol. 97: 1496-1500, 2002.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Carmiel-Haggai M, Cederbaum AI, Nieto N. A high-fat diet leads to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. FASEB J. 19: 136-138, 2005.
[PubMed]
Chan DF, Li AM, Chu WC, Chan MH, Wong EM, Liu EK, Chan IH, Yin J, Lam CW, Fok TF, Nelson EA. Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 28: 1257-1263, 2004.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Chande N, Laidlaw M, Adams P, Marotta P. Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) improves transaminases in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a randomized pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 51: 1183-1189, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Charlton M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2: 1048-1058, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Chidambaram J, Carani Venkatraman A. Cissus quadrangularis stem alleviates insulin resistance, oxidative injury and fatty liver disease in rats fed high fat plus fructose diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 48: 2021-2029, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Chou SC, Chen KW, Hwang JS, Lu WT, Chu YY, Lin JD, Chang HJ, See LC. The add-on effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 12: 34-39, 2006.
[PubMed]
Cui W, Chen SL, Hu KQ. Quantification and mechanisms of oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells. Am J Transl Res. 2: 95-104, 2010.
Day CP. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): where are we now and where are we going? Gut. 50: 585-588, 2002.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? Gastroenterology. 114: 842-845, 1998.
[CrossRef]
de Lima VM, de Oliveira CP, Sawada LY, Barbeiro HV, de Mello ES, Soriano FG, Alves VA, Caldwell SH, Carrilho FJ. Yo jyo hen shi ko, a novel Chinese herbal, prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in ob/ob mice fed a high fat or methionine-choline-deficient diet. Liver Int. 27: 227-234, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
de Oliveira CPMS, de Lima VMR, Simplicio FI, Soriano FG, de Mello ES, de Souza HP, Alves VAF, Laurindo FRM, Carrilho FJ, de Oliveira MG. Prevention and reversion of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in OB/OB mice by S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine treatment. J Am Coll Nutr. 27: 299-305, 2008.
[PubMed]
Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic steatosis. Sem Liv Dis. 19: 221-229, 1999.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, Jonsson JR, Dixon AF, Powell EE, O'Brien PE. Pro-fibrotic polymorphisms predictive of advanced liver fibrosis in the severely obese. J Hepatol. 39: 967-971, 2003.
[CrossRef]
Dongiovanni P, Valenti L, Rametta R, Daly AK, Nobili V, Mozzi E, Leathart JB, Pietrobattista A, Burt AD, Maggioni M, Fracanzani AL, Lattuada E et al. Genetic variants regulating insulin receptor signalling are associated with the severity of liver damage in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 59: 267-273, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM. 103: 71-83, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 33: 525-540, 2011.
[CrossRef]
Edmison J, McCullough AJ. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: human data. Clin Liver Dis. 11: 75-104, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Erickson SK. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J Lipid Res. 50: S412-S416, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Ersoz G, Gunşar F, Karasu Z, Akay S, Batur Y, Akarca US. Management of fatty liver disease with vitamin E and C compared to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Turk J Gastroenterol. 16: 124-128, 2005.
[PubMed]
Fan J. What are the risk factors and settings for NAFLD in Asia Pacific? The Consensus on NAFLD/NASH. APDW, Cebu 2006.
Fan JG, Qiao L. Commonly used animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 8: 233-240, 2009.
[PubMed]
Fan JG, Saibara T, Chitturi S, Sung JJY, Kim BI, Chutaputti A. The Asia-Pacific working party for NAFLD. What are the risk factors and settings for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia-Pacific? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 22: 794-800, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Fan JG, Jia J, Li YM, Wang BY, Lu LG, Shi JP, Chan LY. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Update 2010. J Dig Dis. 12: 38-44, 2011.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Foster T, Budoff MJ, Saab S, Ahmadi N, Gordon C, Guerci AD. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 106: 71-77, 2011.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Fu JH, Sun HS, Wang Y, Zheng WQ, Shi ZY, Wang QJ. The effects of a fat- and sugar-enriched diet and chronic stress on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male Wistar rats. Dig Dis Sci. 55: 2227-2236, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Fujimoto M, Tsuneyama K, Kainuma M, Sekiya N, Goto H, Takano Y, Terasawa K, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Shimada Y. Evidence-based efficacy of Kampo formulas in a model of non alcoholic fatty liver. Exp Biol Med. 233: 328-337, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Fujimoto M, Tsuneyama K, Kinoshita H, Goto H, Takano Y, Selmi C, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Shimada Y. The traditional Japanese formula keishibukuryogan reduces liver injury and inflammation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1190: 151-158, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Haddad Y, Vallerand D, Brault A, Pierre S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of silibinin in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/nep164, 2011.
Hajaghamohammadi AA, Ziaee A, Rafiei R. The efficacy of silymarin in decreasing transaminase activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Hepat Mon. 8: 191-195, 2008.
Hajiani E, Hashemi SJ. Comparison of therapeutic effects of silymarin and vitamin e in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of an open-labele, prospective, randomized study. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 40: 8-14, 2009.
Hales CN, Barker DJ. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull. 60: 5-20, 2001.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Harish K, Thomas V. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asians - An emerging problem. Calicutta Med J. 6(3): e6, 2008.
Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, Ward J, Schenker S. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 98: 2485-2490, 2003.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Harrison SA, Fincke C, Helinski D, Torgerson S, Hayashi P.A pilot study of orlistat treatment in obese, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 20: 623-628, 2004.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Hashemi SJ, Hajiani E, Sardabi EH. A placebo-controlled trial of silymarin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Mon. 9: 265-270, 2009.
Honda H, Ikejima K, Hirose M, Yoshikawa M, Lang T, Enomoto N, Kitamura T, Takei Y, Sato N. Leptin is required for fibrogenic responses induced by thioacetamide in the murine liver. Hepatology. 36: 12-21, 2002.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Hong X, Tang H, Wu L, Li L. Protective effects of the Alisma orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pharm Pharmacol. 58: 1391-1398, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Hsu CL, Yen GC. Effect of gallic acid on high fat diet-induced dyslipidaemia, hepatosteatosis and oxidative stress in rats. Br J Nutr. 98: 727-735, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Huang TH, Peng G, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD, Li Y. Salacia oblonga root improves postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: Activation of PPAR-alpha. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 210: 225-235, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Hussein O, Grosovski M, Schlesinger S, Szvalb S, Assy N. Orlistat reverse fatty infiltration and improves hepatic fibrosis in obese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Dig Dis Sci. 52: 2512-2519, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Itoh S, Yougel T, Kawagoe K. Comparison between alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 82: 650, 1987.
[PubMed]
Iwu MM, Duncan AR, Okunji CO. New antimicrobials of plant origin. In: Janick J (ed.). Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria 1999, p. 457.
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. A preliminary study on hypolipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb. Int J Green Pharm. 3: 285-289, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah, Devkar RV, Ramchandran AV. Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb., Verbenaceae, ameliorates high fat diet-induced alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 20: 117-123, 2010a.
[CrossRef]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah, Patel VB, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Protective effect of Clerodendron glandulosum extract against experimentally induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Pharm Biol. 48: 1312-1319, 2010b.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Dandekar DS, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb extract ameliorates high fat diet/fatty acid induced lipotoxicity in experimental models of non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Food Chem Toxicol. 48: 3424-3431, 2010c.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb extract prevents in vitro human LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced Apoptosis in human monocyte derived macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol. 49: 1195-1202, 2011a.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ramani UV, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Anti-obesity potential of Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb leaf aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 135: 338-343, 2011b.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Ansarullah, Jadav SV, Patel MD, Patel DK, Salunke SP, Padate GS, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Toxicological evaluation and hepatoprotective potential of Clerodendron glandulosum. Coleb leaf extract. Hum Exp Toxicol. 30: 63-70, 2011c.
[CrossRef]
Jou J, Choi SS, Diehl AM. Mechanisms of disease progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 28: 370-379, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Kamboj VP. Herbal medicine. Curr Sci. 78: 1, 2000.
Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89: 2548-2556, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Khoshbaten M, Aliasgarzadeh A, Masnadi K, Farhang S, Tarzamani MK, Babaei H, Kiani J, Zaare M, Najafipoor F. Grape seed extract to improve liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver change. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 16: 194-197, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Kohjima M, Enjoji M, Higuchi N, Kato M, Kotoh K, Nakashima M, Nakamuta M. The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 45: 6-9, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Kuzu N, Bahcecioglu IH, Dagli AF, Ozercan IH, Ustündag B, Sahin K. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high fat diet. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 23: e465-470, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Larter CZ, Yeh MM. Animal models of NASH: getting both pathology and metabolic context right. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 23: 1635-1648, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Lazo M, Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a global perspective. Semin Liver Dis. 28: 339-350, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Leevy CM. Fatty liver: A study of 270 patients with biopsy proven fatty liver and a review of the literature. Medicine. 41: 249, 1962.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Leuschner UF, Lindenthal B, Herrmann G, Arnold JC, Rössle M, Cordes HJ, Zeuzem S, Hein J, Berg T et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 52: 472-479, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Lewis JR, Mohanty SR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review and update. Dig Dis Sci. 55: 560-578, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Li Z, Yang S, Lin H, Huang J, Watkins PA, Moser AB, Desimone C, Song XY, Diehl AM. Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 37: 343-350, 2003.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Li Z, Srivastava S, Yang X, Mittal S, Norton P, Resau J, Haab B, Chan C. A hierarchical approach employing metabolic and gene expression profiles to identify the pathways that confer cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. BMC Syst Biol. 11: 1-21, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Lin CL, Huang HC, Lin JK. Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res. 48: 2334-2343, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Lin MC, Kao SH, Chung PJ, Chan KC, Yang MY, Wang CJ. Improvement for high fat diet-induced hepatic injuries and oxidative stress by flavonoid-enriched extract from Nelumbo nucifera leaf. J Agric Food Chem. 57: 5925-5932, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Lirussi F, Azzalini L, Orando S, Orlando R, Angelico F. Antioxidant supplements for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 24: CD004996, 2007.
Lou SY, Liu Y, Ma YY, Chen HY, Chen WH, Ying J, He YM, Wang WJ. Effects of Yiqi Sanju Formula on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 6: 793-798, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Ludwig J, TR Viggiano, DB McGill, BJ OH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 55: 434-438, 1980.
[PubMed]
Manco M, Marcellini M, DeVito R, Comparcola D, Sartorelli MR, Nobili V. Metabolic syndrome and liver histology in paediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Obes. 32: 381-387, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, Mccullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterol. 116: 1413-1419, 1999.
[CrossRef]
McPherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 59: 1265-1269, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Mori A, Takayama F, Kawasaki H, Nakamoto K, Mankura M, Ogino T, Egashira T, Hidaka Y. Beneficial effects of fermented green tea extract in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 44: 239-246, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Musso G, Gambino R, De Michieli F, Durazzo M, Pagano G, Cassader M. Adiponectin gene polymorphisms modulate acute adiponectin response to dietary fat: possible pathogenetic role in NASH. Hepatology. 47: 1167-1177, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology. 37: 1202-1219, 2003.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Nobili V, Manco M, Devito R, Ciampalini P, Piemonte F, Marcellini M. Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 24: 1553-1561, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Nobili V, Marcellini M, Marchesini G, Vanni E, Manco M, Villani A, Bugianesi E: Intrauterine growth retardation, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Diabetes Care. 30: 2638-2640, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Noh JR, Kim YH, Gang GT, Yang KJ, Kim SK, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee CH, Lee HS. Preventative effects of Platycodon grandiflorum treatment on hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 33: 450-454, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Nosrati N, Aghazadeh S, Yazdanparast R. Effects of Teucrium polium on insulin resistance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Acupunc Merid Stud. 3: 104-110, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Okita M, Hayashi M, Sasagawa T, Takagi K, Suzuki K, Kinoyama S, Ito T, Yamada G. Effect of a moderately energy-restricted diet on obese patients with fatty liver. Nutrition. 17: 542-547, 2001.
[CrossRef]
Oliveira CP, Gayotto LC, Tatai C, Della Nina BI, Lima ES, Abdalla DS, Lopasso FP, Laurindo FR, Carrilho FJ. Vitamin C and vitamin E in prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in choline deficient diet fed rats. Nutr J. 7: 2-9, 2003.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Omagari K, Kato S, Tsuneyama K, Hatta H, Sato M, Hamasaki M, Sadakane Y, Tashiro T, Fukuhata M, Miyata Y, Tamaru S, Tanaka K, Mune M. Olive leaf extract prevents spontaneous occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in SHR/NDmcr-cp rats. Pathology. 42: 66-72, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Osterreicher CH, Brenner DA. The genetics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 6: 83-88, 2007.
[PubMed]
Oz HS, Chen TS, Neuman M. Methionine deficiency and hepatic injury in a dietary steatohepatitis model. Dig Dis Sci. 53: 767-776, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Park HJ, DiNatale DA, Chung MY, Park YK, Lee JY, Koo SI, O'Connor M. Green tea extract attenuates hepatic steatosis by decreasing adipose lipogenesis and enhancing hepatic antioxidant defenses in ob/ob mice. J Nutr Biochem. 22: 393-400, 2011.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Park SH, Lee SG, Kang SK, Chung SH. Acanthopanax senticosus reverses fatty liver disease and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice. Arch Pharm Res. 29: 768-776, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Patel T, Lee JG. Fatty liver. eMed J. 2: 8, 2001.
Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Mansouri A. Mitochondrial injury in steatohepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16: 1095-1105, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Petta S, Muratore C, Craxi A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis: The present and the future. Dig Liver Dis. 41: 615-625, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Pradhan SC, Girish C. Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine. Indian J Med Res. 124: 491-504, 2006.
[PubMed]
Raju J, Bird RP. Alleviation of hepatic steatosis accompanied by modulation of plasma and liver TNF-alpha levels by Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seeds in Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats. Int J Obes. 30: 1298-1307, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Ramalho RM, Cortez-Pinto H, Castro RE, Sola S, Costa A, Moura MC, Camilo ME, Rodrigues CM. Apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in the livers of patients with steatohepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 18: 21-29, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Rates SMK. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon. 39: 603-613, 2001.
[CrossRef]
Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Heurtier A, Gombert S, Giral P, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, Capron F, Poynard T, LIDO Study Group. Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 128: 1898-1906, 2005.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Rinella ME, Elias MS, Smolak RR, Fu T, Borensztajn J, Green RM. Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methionine choline-deficient diet. J Lipid Res. 49: 1068-1076, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Romeo SJ. Kozlitina C, Xing A, Pertsemlidis D, Cox LA, Pennacchio E, Boerwinkle J, Cohen C, Hobbs HH. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet. 40: 1461-1465, 2000.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Roskams T, Yang SQ, Koteish A, Durnez A, DeVos R, Huang X, Achten R, Verslype C, Diehl AM. Oxidative stress and oval cell accumulation in mice and humans with alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Pathol. 163: 1301-1311, 2003.
[CrossRef]
Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 81: 462-471, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, McCullough A, Diehl AM, Bass NM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Lavine JE, Tonascia J, Unalp A, Van Natta M, Clark J et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 362: 1675-1685. 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Sartorio A, Del Col A, Agosti F, Mazzilli G, Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Bedogni G. Predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 61: 877-883, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Shen B, Yu J, Wang S, Chu ES, Wong VW, Zhou X, Lin G, Sung JJ, Chan HL. Phyllanthus urinaria ameliorates the severity of nutritional steatohepatitis both in vitro and in vivo. Hepatology. 47: 473-483, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Shetty SN, Mengi S, Vaidya R, Vaidya AD. A study of standardized extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. in experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 1: 203-210, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Shiota G, Tsuchiya. Pathphysiology of NASH: Insulin resistance, free fatty acids and oxidative stress. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 38: 127-132, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Stefano JT, de Oliveira CP, Correa-Giannella ML, de Lima VM, de Sa SV, de Oliveira EP, de Mello ES, Giannella-Neto D, Alves VA, Carrilho FJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in ob/ob mice treated with yo jyo hen shi ko (YHK): effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP). Dig Dis Sci. 52: 3448-3454, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Stepanova M, Elariny H, Rafiq N, Afendy A, Srishord M, Younossi ZM, Baranova A, Srishord M, Chandhoke V. Differences in hepatic gene expression of Caucasians and African American patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)The 59th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. San Francisco, 2008.
Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Prevalence of abnormal serum amino transferase values in overweight and obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 136: 727-733, 2000.
[PubMed]
Tahan V, Eren F, Avsar E, Yavuz D, Yuksel M, Emekli E, Imeryuz N, Celikel C, Uzun H, Haklar G, Tozun N. Rosiglitazone attenuates liver inflammation in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 52: 3465-3472, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Takayama F, Egashira T, Kawasaki H, Mankura M, Nakamoto K, Okada S, Mori A. A Novel Animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): hypoxemia enhances the development of NASH. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 45: 335-340, 2009a.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Takayama F, Nakamoto K, Kawasaki H, Mankura M, Egashira T, Ueki K, Hasegawa A, Okada S, Mori A. Beneficial effects of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat leaves on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a rat model. Acta Med Okayama. 63: 105-111, 2009b.
[PubMed]
Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Scala L, Zenari L, Falezza G. Associations between plasma adiponectin concentrations and liver histology in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Endocrinol. 64:679–683, 2006.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Thounaojam M, Jadeja R, Ansarullah, Devkar R, Ramachandran AV. Dysregulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism in high fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats: Protective effect of Sida rhomboidea Roxb. leaf extract. J Health Sci. 55: 413-420, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Ansarullah, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Prevention of high fat diet induced insulin resistance in C57/BL/6J mice by Sida rhomboidea Roxb. extract. J Health Sci. 56: 92-98, 2010a.
[CrossRef]
Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Patel DK, Devkar RV, Ramchandran AV. Acute and sub chronic oral toxicity of Sida rhomboidea Roxb. leaf extract. J Complement Integ Med. 7: 1, 2010b.
Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Sida rhomboidea Roxb. extract alleviates pathophysiological changes in experimental in vivo and in vitro models of high fat diet/fatty acid induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Toxicol Pathol. In press, 2010c.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Ramani UV, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. Sida rhomboidea Roxb. leaf extract down-regulates expression of PPARgamma2 and leptin genes in high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice and retards in vitro 3T3L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. Int J Mol Sci. 12: 4661-4677, 2011a.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Devkar RV, Ramachandran AV. In Vitro evidence for the protective role of Sida rhomboidea Roxb. extract against LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in human monocyte derived macrophages. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 11: 168-179, 2011b.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology. 52: 1836-1846, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Vajro P, Mandato C, Franzese A, Ciccimarra E, Lucariello S, Savoia M, Capuano G, Migliaro F. Vitamin E treatment in pediatric obesity-related liver disease: a randomized study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 38: 48-55, 2004.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Valenti L, Al-Serri A, Daly AK, Galmozzi E, Rametta R, Dongiovanni P, Nobili V, Mozzi E, Roviaro G, Vanni E, Bugianesi E, Maggioni M et al. Homozygosity for the patatin-like phospholipase-3/adiponutrin I148M polymorphism influences liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 51: 1209-1217, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Velayudham A, Dolganiuc A, Ellis M, Petrasek J, Kodys K, Mandrekar P, Szabo G. VSL#3 probiotic treatment attenuates fibrosis without changes in steatohepatitis in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model in mice. Hepatology. 49: 989-997, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Vendemiale G, Grattagliano I, Caraceni P, Caraccio G, Domenicali M, Dall'Agata M, Trevisani F, Guerrieri F, Bernardi M, Altomare E. Mitochondrial oxidative injury and energy metabolism alteration in rat fatty liver: effect of the nutritional status. Hepatology. 33: 808-815, 2001.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Wang GL, Fu YC, Xu WC, Feng YQ, Fang SR, Zhou XH. Resveratrol inhibits the expression of SREBP1 in cell model of steatosis via Sirt1-FOXO1 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 380: 644-649, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
WHO 1996. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines. WHO expert committee on specification for pharmaceutical preparations. Technical report series No. 863. Geneva.
WHO. Guidelines for the Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the South-East Asia Region: Developed at the Regional Workshop on the Regulation of Herbal Medicines, Bangkok, and 24-26 June 2003. New Delhi: Regional office for South East Asia, World Health Organization, 2003.
WHO. Traditional medicine; 2008. http://www. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ (accessed on 22nd March 2011).
Wilfred de Alwis NM, Day CP. Genetics of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 27: 44-54, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Willner IR, Waters B, Patil SR, Reuben A, Morelli J, Riely CA. Ninety patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin resistance, familial tendency and severity of disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 96: 2957-2961, 2001.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Xu A, Wang Y, Keshaw H, Xu LY, Lam KS, Cooper GJ. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice. J Clin Invest. 112: 91-100, 2003.
[PubMed]
Xu KZ, Zhu C, Kim MS, Yamahara J, Li Y. Pomegranate flower ameliorates fatty liver in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Ethnopharmacol. 123: 280-287, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Xu ZI, Fan JG, Ding XD, Qiao L, Wang GL. Characterization of high-fat, diet-induced, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 55: 931-940, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Yang SF, Tseng JK, Chang YY, Chen YC. Flaxseed oil attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver of hyperlipidemic hamsters. J Agric Food Chem. 57: 5078-5083, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Yao HR, Liu J, Plumeri D, Cao YB, He T, Lin L, Li Y, Jiang YY, Li J, Shang J. Lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells triggered by free fatty acids. Am J Transl Res. 3: 284-291, 2011.
[PubMed]
Yoneda M, Hotta K, Nozaki Y, Endo H, Uchiyama T, Mawatari H, Iida H, Kato S, Fujita K, Takahashi H, Kirikoshi H, Kobayashi N et al. Association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphisms and the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 29: 1078-1085, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Yoshioka S, Hamada A, Jobu K, Yokota J, Onogawa M, Kyotani S, Miyamura M, Saibara T, Onishi S, Nishioka Y. Effects of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on oxidative stress in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 62: 241-246, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Zhu L, Luo X, Jin Z. Effect of resveratrol on serum and liver lipid profile and antioxidant activity in hyperlipidemia rats. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 21: 890-895, 2008.
|
CITED
Ying HZ, Liu YH, Yu B, Wang ZY, Zang JN, Yu CH. Dietary quercetin ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet in gerbils. Food Chem Toxicol. 52: 53-60, 2013.
Wu R, Zhang W, Liu B, Gao J, Xiao XQ, Zhang F, Zhou HM, Wu XL, Zhang X. Probucol Ameliorates the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats Fed High-Fat Diets. Dig Dis Sci. 58: 163-171, 2013.
|
