SUMMARY
The liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic (foreign) compounds. The
responsible enzymatic systems are the cytochromes P450 (mixed function oxidases or phase
I reactions) and enzymes coupling larger water soluble groups to the substrate (phase II reactions).
Especially during phase I reactions, highly reactive metabolites can be formed capable of interacting
with DNA and causing mutations. On the other hand reactive xenobiotics may be detoxified.
Therefore, the primary parenchymal liver cell (hepatocyte) appears to be the optimal and most
reliable in vitro system for the determination of mutagenicity/genotoxicity. Since however, primary
hepatocytes are proliferatively quiescent, a culture system had to be developed allowing for
proliferation enabling the determination of induced changes at the chromosomal level. This paper
summarizes the special features of primary hepatocytes, the findings on in vitro proliferation and
the application of hepatocyte cultures for in vitro and ex vivo/in vitro toxicological testing.
KEY WORDS
hepatocytes; primary culture; cytogenetics; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity
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