SUMMARY
The cell wall is no longer considered an inert and silent structure on the outside of the cell but
instead, seems to be involved in an extensive cross-talk with the cytoplasm. Turgor, osmosensing,
mechanical stress and other strains - all are mediated through the wall. The walled cell senses these
signals through integral plasma membrane proteins whose extracytoplasmic domains are extended to
the wall and intracytoplasmic domains are coupled with the components of cytoplasmic signal
pathways. With its dynamic interactions the cell wall is comparable with the extracellular matrix of
animal cells. Only a small part of the sensory machinery has been revealed in both plant and fungal
cells.
KEY WORDS
cross-talk; WAK; cytoskeleton; cell wall integrity; signalling
REFERENCES
Bissell MJ, Nelson WJ: Cell-to-cell contact
and extracellular matrix. Integration of form and
function: the central role of adhesion molecules.
Curr Opin Cell Biol 11:537-539, 1999.
Braam J: If walls could talk - Commentary. Curr
Opin Plant Biol 2:521-524, 1999.
Bolwell GP: Dynamic aspects of the plant
extracellular matrix. Int Rev Cytol 146:261-324, 1993.
Buehrer BM, Errede B: Coordination of the
mating and cell integrity mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathways in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 17:6517-6525, 1997.
Chant J: Cell polarity in yeast. Annu Rev Cell
Dev Biol 15:365-391, 1999.
Clark EA, Brugge JS: Integrin and signal
transduction pathways: the road taken. Science
268:233-239, 1995.
Cosgrove DJ: Assembly and enlargement of the
primary cell wall in plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev
Biol 13:171-201, 1997.
Cosgrove DJ: Expansive growth of plant cell walls.
Plant Physiol Biochem 38:109-124, 2000.
Cosgrove DJ: Plant cell walls: wall-associated
kinases and cell expansion. Curr Biol 11:558-559, 2001.
de Nobel H, van den Ende H, Klis FM: Cell wall
maintenance in fungi. Trends Microbiol 8:344-345, 2000.
Doblin MS, Kurek I, Jacob-Wilk D, Delmer DP:
Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to
rosettes. Plant Cell Physiol 43:1407-1420, 2002.
Foster R, Mattsson O, Mundy J: Plants flex their
skeletons. Trends Plant Sci 8:202-204, 2003.
Gabriel M: Karyokinesis and septum formation
during the regeneration of incomplete cell walls
in protoplasts of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
var. versatilis: a time-lapse microcinemato-graphic
study. J Gen Microbiol 130:625-630, 1984.
He ZH, Fujiki M, Kohorn BD: A cell wall
associated, receptor-like protein kinase. J Biol
Chem 271:19789-19793, 1996.
Holubarova A: Cell wall as an extracellular matrix:
Membrane and submemrane skeleton and its role
in morphogenesis of yeast (in Czech language).
PhD Thesis,. Masaryk University Brno 2003,
106 pp.
Jung US, Levin DE: Genome-wide analysis of
gene expression regulated by the yeast cell wall
integrity signaling pathway. Mol Microbiol 34:1049-1057, 1999.
Kamada Y, Jung US, Piotrowski R, Levin DE:
The protein kinase C-activated MAP kinase
pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates a
novel aspect of the heat shock response. Genes
Dev 9:1559-1571, 1995.
Katembe WJ, Swatzell LJ, Makaroff CA,
Kiss JZ: Immunolocalization of integrin-like
proteins in Arabidopsis and Chara. Physiol
Plant 99:7-14, 1997.
Ketela T, Green R, Bussey H: Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Mid2p is a potential cell wall stress
sensor and upstream activator of the
PKC1-MPK1 cell integrity pathway. J Bacteriol
181:3330-3340, 1999.
Kohorn BD: Plasma membrane-cell wall contacts.
Plant Physiol 124:31-38, 2000.
Kohorn BD: WAKs; cell wall associated kinases.
Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:529-533, 2001.
Kost B, Mathur J, Chua NH: Cytoskeleton in
plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:462-470, 1999.
Kropf DL, Bisgrove SR, Hable WE:
Cytoskeletal control of polar growth in plant
cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:117-122, 1998.
Laval V, Chabannes M, Carriere M, Canut H, Barre A, Rouge P, Pontlezica R, Galaud JP:
A family of Arabidopsis plasma membrane
receptors presenting animal beta-integrin
domains. BBA - Protein Struct Mol Enzym
1435:61-70, 1999.
Levin DE, Errede B: The proliferation of
MAP kinase signalling pathways in yeast. Curr
Opin Cell Biol 7:197-202, 1995.
Lipke PN, Ovalle R: Cell wall architecture in
yeast: New structure and new challenges.
J Bacteriol 180:3735-3740, 1998.
Lodder AL, Lee TK, Ballester R:
Characterization of the wsc1 protein, a putative
receptor in the stress response of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Genetics 152:1487-1499, 1999.
Miller RK, Rose MD: Kar9p is a novel
cortical protein required for cytoplasmic
microtubule orientation in yeast. J Cell Biol
140:377-390, 1995.
Moreau V, Madania A, Martin RP, Winsor B:
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin-related
protein arp2 is involved in the actin
cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 134:117-132, 1996.
Necas O, Svoboda A: Morphogenesis in
protoplasts. In Arnold WN(ed.): Yeast cell
envelopes: biochemistry, biophysics and
ultrastructure. Boca Raton, CRC Press Inc.,
Vol. 2. 1981, p. 105-128.
Philip B, Levin DE: Wsc1 and Mid2 are cell
surface sensors for cell wall integrity signaling
that act through Rom2, a guanine nucleotide
exchange factor for Rho1. Mol Biol Cell 21:271-280, 2001.
Pilling E, Hofte H: Feedback from the wall.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 6611-616, 2003.
Pokorna I, Svoboda A: Response of yeast
protoplasts to their mating partners. Folia
Microbiol 40:583-587, 1995.
Pruyne D, Bretscher A: Polarization of cell
growth in yeast I. Establishment and
maintenance of polarity states. J Cell Sci 113:365-375, 2000a.
Pruyne D, Bretscher A: Polarization of cell
growth in yeast II. The role of the cortical actin
cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 113:571-585, 2000b.
Rajavel M, Philip B, Buehrer BM, Errede B,
Levin DE: Mid2 is a putative sensor for cell
integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Mol Cell Biol 19:3969-3976, 1999.
Reiter WD: Biosynthesis and properties of the
plant cell wall. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:536-542, 2002.
Roemer T, Vallier LG, Snyder M: Selection of
polarized growth sites in yeast. Trends Cell Biol
6:434-441, 1996.
Sawabe T, Ezura Y, Yamamoto H: Plant
regeneration from protoplasts of Laminaria
japonica Areschoug (Laminariales,
Phaeophyceae) in a continuous-flow culture
system. Plant Cell Rep 17:109-112, 1997.
Saxena I, Brown R Jr.: Cellulose synthases and
related enzymes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3:523-531, 2000.
Schoenwaelder SM, Burridge K: Bidirectional
signaling between the cytoskeleton and integrins.
Curr Opin Cell Biol 11:274-286, 1999.
Schopfer P: Hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell-wall
stiffening in vitro in maize coleoptiles. Planta
199:43-49, 1996.
Shibaoka H, Nagai R: The plant cytoskeleton.
Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 6:10-15, 1994.
Smits GJ, Kapteyn JC, van den Ende H,
Klis FM: Cell wall dynamics in yeast. Curr
Opin Microbiol 2:348-352, 1999.
Svetek J, Yadav MP, Nothnagel EA: Presence of
a glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor on
rose arabinogalactan proteins. J Biol Chem
274:14724-14733, 1999.
Svoboda A, Slaninova I, Holubarova A:
Cytoskeleton in regenerating protoplasts and
restoration of cell polarity in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Biol Hung 52:325-333, 2001.
Swatzell LJ, Edelmann RE, Makaroff CA,
Kiss JZ: Integrin-like proteins are localized to
plasma membrane fractions, not plastids, in
Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 40:173-183, 1999.
van Drogen F, Peter M: MAP kinase dynamics
in yeast. Biol Cell 93:63-70, 2001.
Yang ZB: Signaling tip growth in plants. Curr
Opin Plant Biol 1:525-530, 1998.
Zahner JE, Harkins HA, Pringle JR: Genetic
analysis of the bipolar pattern of bud site
selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Mol Cell Biol 16:1857-1870, 1996.
Zandomeni K, Schopfer P: Mechanosensory
microtubule reorientation in the epidermis of
maize coleoptiles subjected to bending stress.
Protoplasma 182:96-101, 1994.
|
CITED
Cresnar B, Zakelj-Mavric M: Aspects of the steroid response in fungi. Chem-Biol Interactions 178:303-309, 2009.
Teepe AG, Loprete DM, He ZM, Hoggard TA, Hill TW: The protein kinase C orthologue PkcA plays a role in cell wall integrity and polarized growth in
Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 44:554-562, 2007.
Khan JA, Wang Q, Sjolund RD, Schulz A, Thompson GA: An early nodulin-like protein accumulates in the sieve element plasma membrane of Arabidopsis.
Plant Physiol 143:1576-1589, 2007.
|
