SUMMARY
Healthy cells strictly regulate gene transcription to control crucial cellular regulatory pathways. Members
of the Jun protein family, c-Jun, JunB, and JunD are key subunits of the transcription factor AP-1 that
controls transcription from various gene promoters. The genes targeted by Jun affect essential life
processes, such as cell cycle progression, differentiation or programmed cell death. Therefore, the loss of
proper Jun function is often associated with cancer. This review summarizes recent advances in
understanding of function of the Jun proteins in healthy and cancer cells.
KEY WORDS
AP-1; Jun; cancer; apoptosis; cell cycle; differentiation
REFERENCES
Angel P, Szabowski A, Schorpp-Kistner M:
Function and regulation of AP-1 subunits in
skin physiology and pathology. Oncogene 20:2413-2423, 2001.
Behrens A, Jochum W, Sibilia M et al.:
Oncogenic transformation by ras and fos is
mediated by c-Jun N-terminal
phosphorylation. Oncogene 19:2657-2663, 2000.
Behrens A, Sibilia M, David JP et al.: Impaired
postnatal hepatocyte proliferation and liver
regeneration in mice lacking c-jun in the liver.
EMBO J 21:1782-1790, 2002.
Behrens A, Sibilia M, Wagner EF: Aminoterminal
phosphorylation of c-Jun regulates
stress-induced apoptosis and cellular
proliferation. Nat Genet 21:326-329, 1999.
Benbrook DM, Jones NC: Heterodimer
formation between CREB and JUN proteins.
Oncogene 5:295-302, 1990.
Bengal E, Ransone L, Scharfmann R et al.:
Functional antagonism between c-Jun and
MyoD proteins: a direct physical association.
Cell 68:507-519, 1992.
Bernt C, Vennegeerts T, Beuers U et al.: The
human transcription factor AP-1 is a mediator
of bile acid-induced liver cell apoptosis.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 340:800-806, 2006.
Black EJ, Walker M, Clark W et al.: Cell
transformation by v-Jun deactivates ERK
MAP kinase signalling. Oncogene 21:6540-6548, 2002.
Castellazzi M, Spyrou G, La Vista N et al.:
Overexpression of c-jun, junB, or junD affects
cell growth differently. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 88:8890-8894, 1991.
Cheung NS, Carroll FY, Larm JA et al.:
Kainate-induced apoptosis correlates with c-Jun activation in cultured cerebellar granule
cells. J Neurosci Res 52:69-82, 1998.
Cooper SJ, Macgowan J, Ranger-Moore J et al.:
Expression of dominant negative c-jun inhibits
ultraviolet B-induced squamous cell
carcinoma number and size in an SKH-1
hairless mouse model. Mol Cancer Res 1:848-854, 2003.
Dong Z, Crawford HC, Lavrovsky V et al.: A
dominant negative mutant of jun blocking 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced
invasion in mouse keratinocytes. Mol
Carcinog 19:204-212, 1997.
Eferl R, Sibilia M, Hilberg F et al.: Functions of
c-Jun in liver and heart development. J Cell
Biol 145:1049-1061, 1999.
Elsasser A, Franzen M, Kohlmann A et al.: The
fusion protein AML1-ETO in acute myeloid
leukemia with translocation t(8;21) induces cjun
protein expression via the proximal AP-1
site of the c-jun promoter in an indirect, JNKdependent
manner. Oncogene 22:5646-5657, 2003.
Estus S, Zaks WJ, Freeman RS et al.: Altered
gene expression in neurons during
programmed cell death: identification of c-jun
as necessary for neuronal apoptosis. J Cell
Biol 127:1717-1727, 1994.
Fialka I, Schwarz H, Reichmann E et al.: The
estrogen-dependent c-JunER protein causes a
reversible loss of mammary epithelial cell
polarity involving a destabilization of
adherens junctions. J Cell Biol 132:1115-1132, 1996.
Finch S, Joseloff E, Bowden T: JunB negatively
regulates AP-1 activity and cell proliferation
of malignant mouse keratinocytes. J Cancer
Res Clin Oncol 128:3-10, 2002.
Florin L, Hummerich L, Dittrich BT et al.:
Identification of novel AP-1 target genes in
fibroblasts regulated during cutaneous wound
healing. Oncogene 23:7005-7017, 2004.
Florin L, Knebel J, Zigrino P et al.: Delayed
wound healing and epidermal
hyperproliferation in mice lacking JunB in the
skin. J Invest Dermatol 126:902-911, 2006.
Gaub MP, Bellard M, Scheuer I et al.:
Activation of the ovalbumin gene by the
estrogen receptor involves the fos-jun
complex. Cell 63:1267-1276, 1990.
Grigoriadis AE, Schellander K, Wang ZQ,
Wagner EF: Osteoblasts are target cells for
transformation in c-fos transgenic mice. J Cell
Biol 122:685-701, 1993.
Ham J, Babij C, Whitfield J et al.: A c-Jun
dominant negative mutant protects
sympathetic neurons against programmed cell
death. Neuron 14:927-939, 1995.
Hartl M, Reiter F, Bader AG et al.: JAC, a direct
target of oncogenic transcription factor Jun, is involved in cell transformation and
tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
98:13601-13606, 2001.
Hibi M, Lin A, Smeal T et al.: Identification of an
oncoprotein- and UV-responsive protein
kinase that binds and potentiates the c-Jun
activation domain. Genes Dev 7:2135-2148, 1993.
Hilberg F, Aguzzi A, Howells N, Wagner EF:
c-jun is essential for normal mouse
development and hepatogenesis. Nature 365:179-181, 1993.
Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hilfiker A, Kaminski K et al.:
Lack of JunD promotes pressure overloadinduced
apoptosis, hypertrophic growth, and
angiogenesis in the heart. Circulation 112:1470-1477, 2005.
Inagaki N, Maekawa T, Sudo T et al.: c-Jun
represses the human insulin promoter activity
that depends on multiple cAMP response
elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1045-1049, 1992.
Jochum W, Passegue E, Wagner EF: AP-1 in
mouse development and tumorigenesis.
Oncogene 20:2401-2412, 2001.
Johnson R, Spiegelman B, Hanahan D, Wisdom
R: Cellular transformation and malignancy
induced by ras require c-jun. Mol Cell Biol
16:4504-4511, 1996.
Johnson RS, Van Lingen B, Papaioannou VE,
Spiegelman BM: A null mutation at the c-jun
locus causes embryonic lethality and
retarded cell growth in culture. Genes Dev 7:1309-1317, 1993.
Jonat C, Rahmsdorf HJ, Park KK, Cato AC,
Gebel S, Ponta H, Herrlich P: Antitumor
promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation
of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by
glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 62:1189-1204, 1990.
Kanamoto T, Mota M, Takeda K et al.: Role of
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase in
regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase
pathway and apoptosis in sympathetic
neurons. Mol Cell Biol 20:196-204, 2000.
Karin M, Liu Z, Zandi E: AP-1 function and
regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:240-246, 1997.
Kolbus A, Herr I, Schreiber M et al.: C-Jundependent
CD95-L expression is a ratelimiting
step in the induction of apoptosis by
alkylating agents. Mol Cell Biol 20:575-582, 2000.
Kouzarides T, Ziff E: Leucine zippers of fos, jun
and GCN4 dictate dimerization specificity and
thereby control DNA binding. Nature 340:568-571, 1989.
Leaner VD, Kinoshita I, Birrer MJ: AP-1
complexes containing cJun and JunB cause
cellular transformation of Rat1a fibroblasts
and share transcriptional targets. Oncogene
22:5619-5629, 2003.
Lee W, Mitchell P, Tjian R: Purified transcription
factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible
enhancer elements. Cell 49:741-52, 1987.
Liu Y, Ludes-Meyers J, Zhang Y et al.: Inhibition
of AP-1 transcription factor causes blockade
of multiple signal transduction pathways and
inhibits breast cancer growth. Oncogene 21:7680-7689, 2002.
Lloyd A, Yancheva N, Wasylyk B:
Transformation suppressor activity of a Jun
transcription factor lacking its activation
domain. Nature 352:635-638, 1991.
Ludes-Meyers JH, Liu Y, Munoz-Medellin D et
al.: AP-1 blockade inhibits the growth of
normal and malignant breast cells. Oncogene
20:2771-2780, 2001.
Macian F, Lopez-Rodriguez C, Rao A: Partners in
transcription: NFAT and AP-1. Oncogene 20:2476-2489, 2001.
MacLaren A, Clark W, Black EJ et al.: v-Jun
stimulates both cdk2 kinase activity and G1/S
progression via transcriptional repression of
p21 CIP1. Oncogene 22:2383-2395, 2003.
Maeno K, Masuda A, Yanagisawa K et al.:
Altered regulation of c-jun and its
involvement in anchorage-independent growth
of human lung cancers. Oncogene 25:271-277, 2006.
Marshall GM, Vanhamme L, Wong WY, Su H,
Vogt PK: Wounding acts as a tumor
promoter in chickens inoculated with avian
sarcoma virus 17. Virology 188:373-377, 1992.
Marshall GM, Vanhamme L: Characterization of
sarcoma cell lines from v-jun transgenic mice.
Cancer Res 53:622-626, 1993.
Naruishi K, Nishimura F, Yamada-Naruishi H,
Omori K, Yamaguchi M, Takashiba S: C-jun
N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor,
SP600125, blocks interleukin (IL)-6-induced
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
production: cyclosporine A partially mimics
this inhibitory effect. Transplantation
76:1380-1382, 2003.
Nead MA, Baglia LA, Antinore MJ, Ludlow
JW, McCance DJ: Rb binds c-Jun and
activates transcription. EMBO J 17:2342-2352, 1998.
Neyns B, Teugels E, Bourgain C et al.: Alteration
of jun proto-oncogene status by plasmid
transfection affects growth of human ovarian
cancer cells. Int J Cancer 82:687-693, 1999.
Nishimura T, Vogt PK: The avian cellular
homolog of the oncogene jun. Oncogene 3:659-663, 1988.
Passegue E, Jochum W, Schorpp-Kistner M et al.:
Chronic myeloid leukemia with increased
granulocyte progenitors in mice lacking junB expression in the myeloid lineage. Cell 104:21-32, 2001.
Passegue E, Wagner EF: JunB suppresses cell
proliferation by transcriptional activation of
p16(INK4a) expression. EMBO J 19:2969-2979, 2000.
Pfarr CM, Mechta F, Spyrou G et al.: Mouse
JunD negatively regulates fibroblast growth
and antagonizes transformation by ras. Cell
76:747-60, 1994.
Poindessous-Jazat V, Augery-Bourget Y, Robert-
Lezenes J: c-Jun modulates apoptosis but not
terminal cell differentiation in murine
erythroleukemia cells. Leukemia 16:233-243, 2002.
Qiao L, Han SI, Fang Y et al.: Bile acid
regulation of C/EBPbeta, CREB, and c-Jun
function, via the extracellular signal-regulated
kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
pathways, modulates the apoptotic response of
hepatocytes. Mol Cell Biol 23:3052-3066, 2003.
Rahmsdorf HJ: Jun: transcription factor and
oncoprotein. J Mol Med 74:725-747, 1996.
Raitano AB, Halpern JR, Hambuch TM,
Sawyers CL: The Bcr-Abl leukemia
oncogene activates Jun kinase and requires
Jun for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 92:11746-11750, 1995.
Rangatia J, Vangala RK, Singh SM et al.: c-Jun
expression in acute myeloid leukemias inhibits
C/EBPalpha DNA binding via leucine zipper
domain interaction. Oncogene 22:4760-4764, 2003.
Ricci R, Eriksson U, Oudit GY et al.: Distinct
functions of junD in cardiac hypertrophy and
heart failure. Genes Dev 19:208-213, 2005.
Rinehart-Kim J, Johnston M, Birrer M, Bos T:
Alterations in the gene expression profile of
MCF-7 breast tumor cells in response to c-Jun.
Int J Cancer 88:180-190, 2000.
Roffler-Tarlov S, Brown JJ, Tarlov E et al.:
Programmed cell death in the absence of c-Fos
and c-Jun. Development 122:1-9, 1996.
Rossant J: Mouse mutants and cardiac
development: new molecular insights into
cardiogenesis. Circ Res 78:349-353, 1996.
Schorpp-Kistner M, Wang ZQ, Angel P, Wagner
EF: JunB is essential for mammalian
placentation. EMBO J 18:934-948, 1999.
Schreiber M, Kolbus A, Piu F et al: Control of
cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53
dependent. Genes Dev 13:607-619, 1999.
Schuh AC, Keating SJ, Monteclaro FS et al.:
Obligatory wounding requirement for
tumorigenesis in v-jun transgenic mice. Nature
346:756-760, 1990.
Schule R, Rangarajan P, Kliewer S et al.:
Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 62:217-226, 1990.
Schutte J, Minna JD, Birrer MJ: Deregulated
expression of human c-jun transforms primary
rat embryo cells in cooperation with an
activated c-Ha-ras gene and transforms rat-1a
cells as a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 86:2257-2261, 1989.
Sevcikova S, Soucek K, Kubala L et al.:
Differential effects of v-Jun and c-Jun proteins
on v-myb-transformed monoblasts. Cell Mol
Life Sci 59:1690-1705, 2002.
Shaulian E, Karin M: AP-1 in cell proliferation
and survival. Oncogene 20:2390-2400, 2001.
Shirai K, Okada Y, Saika S, Senba E, Ohnishi
Y: Expression of transcription factor AP-1 in
rat lens epithelial cells during wound repair.
Exp Eye Res 73:461-468, 2001.
Smeal T, Binetruy B, Mercola D et al.:
Oncoprotein-mediated signalling cascade
stimulates c-Jun activity by phosphorylation
of serines 63 and 73. Mol Cell Biol 12:3507-3513, 1992.
Smeal T, Binetruy B, Mercola DA et al.:
Oncogenic and transcriptional cooperation
with Ha-Ras requires phosphorylation of c-Jun
on serines 63 and 73. Nature 354:494-496, 1991.
Suto R, Tominaga K, Mizuguchi H et al.:
Dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun gene
transfer: a novel therapeutic strategy for
colorectal cancer. Gene Ther 11:187-193, 2004.
Szabo E, Riffe ME, Steinberg SM, Birrer MJ,
Linnoila RI: Altered cJUN expression: an
early event in human lung carcinogenesis.
Cancer Res 56:305-315, 1996.
Szabowski A, Maas-Szabowski N, Andrecht S et
al.: c-Jun and JunB antagonistically control
cytokine-regulated mesenchymal-epidermal
interaction in skin. Cell 103:745-755, 2000.
Thepot D, Weitzman JB, Barra J et al.: Targeted
disruption of the murine junD gene results in
multiple defects in male reproductive function.
Development 127:143-153, 2000.
Tsai E, Yie J, Thanos D, Goldfeld AE: Cell-type-specific regulation of the human tumor
necrosis factor alpha gene in B cells and T
cells by NFATp and ATF-2/JUN. Mol Cell
Biol 16:5232-5244, 1996.
Wang ZQ, Liang J, Schellander K et al.: c-fosinduced
osteosarcoma formation in transgenic
mice: cooperativity with c-jun and the role of
endogenous c-fos. Cancer Res 55:6244-6251, 1995.
Watts RG, Ben-Ari ET, Bernstein LR et al.: c-jun
and multistage carcinogenesis: association
of overexpression of introduced c-jun with
progression toward a neoplastic endpoint in
mouse JB6 cells sensitive to tumor promoter-induced transformation. Mol Carcinog 13:27-36, 1995.
Weitzman JB, Fiette L, Matsuo K, Yaniv M:
JunD protects cells from p53-dependent
senescence and apoptosis. Mol Cell 6:1109-1119, 2000.
Wiggan O, Hamel PA: Pax3 regulates
morphogenetic cell behavior in vitro
coincident with activation of a PCP/noncanonical
Wnt-signalling cascade. J Cell Sci
115:531-541, 2002.
Wilkinson DG, Bhatt S, Ryseck RP, Bravo R:
Tissue-specific expression of c-jun and junB
during organogenesis in the mouse.
Development 106:465-471, 1989.
Yang L, Kim HT, Munoz-Medellin D et al.:
Induction of retinoid resistance in breast
cancer cells by overexpression of cJun. Cancer
Res 57:4652-4661, 1997.
Yasumoto H, Kim S, Zhan Y et al.: Negative c-jun
gene transfer inhibits vascular smooth
muscle cell proliferation and neointimal
hyperplasia in rats. Gene Ther 8:1682-1689, 2001.
Young MR, Li JJ, Rincon M et al.: Transgenic
mice demonstrate AP-1 (activator protein-1)
transactivation is required for tumor
promotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9827-9832, 1999.
Zhou F, Thompson EB: Role of c-jun induction in
the glucocorticoid-evoked apoptotic pathway
in human leukemic lymphoblasts. Mol
Endocrinol 10:306-316, 1996.
|
CITED
Pazos E, Jimenez-Balsa A, Mascarenas JL, Vazquez ME. Sensing coiled-coil proteins through conformational modulation of energy transfer processes - selective
detection of the oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun. Chem Sci. 2: 1984-1987, 2011.
|