SUMMARY
To further understanding of the multiple temporal relationships of the physiological process, we monitored simultaneously 25 different variables in individual cows. We used 6 Bruna Italiana non - pregnant and non - lactating cows from the same farm. The animals were housed individually in a 12 m2 box under natural 14/10 light/dark cycle. They were fed twice daily and water was available ad libitum. Locomotor activity and heart rate were recorded continuously. The rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood samples were recorded every 4 hours for 24 consecutive hours. To describe the periodic phenomenon analytically we applied a trigonometric statistical model according to the single cosinor procedure. Twelve of the 25 variables studied showed a daily rhythm: locomotor activity, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, haemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, total lipids, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), phosphorus and magnesium. Our results contribute to the understanding of the capacity for reaction and adaptation of animals to the environment, and to the improvement in their output by intervention in their environmental circumstances and in the breeding process.
KEY WORDS
cow; daily rhythms; blood parameters; physiological parameters; locomotor activity
REFERENCES
Aschoff J: A survey on biological rhythms. In: Aschoff J (Ed), Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioural neurobiology, vol 4. Plenum, New York, pp. 3-10, 1981.
Bajcsy CA, Reiczigel J, Szenci O: Circadian changes in blood ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations and pH in cattle. Am J Res 60:945-948, 1999.
Balsalobre A, Brown SA, Marcacci L, Tronche F, Kellendank C, Reichardt HM, Schutz G, Schibler U: Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signalling. Science 289:2344-2347, 2000.
Berger A: Untersuchungen zum Tagesrhythmus beim Przewalskipferd (Equus prezwalsii Poljakov, 1881) im winter. Diplomarbeit HU-Berlin, 1993.
Berger J: Chronohaematology. J Appl Biomed 2:179-185, 2004.
Brown FA, Hasting JW, Palmer JD: The biological clock: two views. Academic Press, New York, 1970.
Brown SA, Schibler U: The ins and outs of circadian timekeeping. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9:588-594, 1999.
Brown SA, Zumrunn G, Fleury-Olela F, Preitner N, Schibler U: Rhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks. Curr Biol 12:1574-1583, 2002.
Carbonaro DA, Fried TH, Dellmeier GR: Behavioral and physiological responses of dairy goats to isolation. Physiol Behav 51:297-301, 1992.
Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U: Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 14:2950-2961, 2000.
Delaunay F, Laudet V: Circadian clock and microarrays: mammalian genome gets rhythm. Trends Genet 18:595-597, 2002.
Dunlap JC, Loros JJ, DeCoursey PJ: Chronobiology: Biological timekeeping. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 2004.
Edmunds LN: Cellular and molecular aspects of circadian oscillators: models and mechanisms for biological timekeeping. In: Touitou Y, Haus E (Eds.), Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. Springer, New York, pp. 35-54, 1994.
Giudice E, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Piccione G: Daily rhythm of creatinine in dog: clinical and diagnostic significance. Biol Rhythm Res in press, 2008.
Halberg F, Lubanovic WA, Sothern RB, Brockway B, Powell EW, Pasley JN, Scheving LE: Nomifensine chronopharmacology, schedule-shifts and circadian temperature rhythms in di-suprachiasmatically lesioned rats: modelling emotional chronopathology and chronotherapy. Chronobiologia 6:405-424, 1979.
Kaminsky YG, Kosenko EA, Kondra-Shova MN: Analysis of the circadian rhythm in energy metabolism of rat liver. Int J Biochem 16:629-639, 1984.
Klerman EB, Gershengorn HB, Duffy JF, Kronauer RE: Comparison of the variability of three markers of the human circadian pacemaker. J Biol Rhythms 17:181-193, 2002.
Lavery DJ, Schibler U: Circadian transcription of the cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase gene may involve the liver-enriched bZIP protein DBP. Genes Dev 7:1871-1884, 1993.
Lavery DJ, Lopez-Molina L, Margueron R, Fleury-Olela F, Conquet F, Schibler, Bonfis C: Circadian expression of the steroid 15 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp2a4) and coumarin 7-hydroxylase (Cyp2a5) genes in mouse liver is regulated by the PAR leucine zipper transcription factor DBP. Mol Cell Biol 19:6488-6499, 1999.
Leufcourt AM,, Huntington JB, Akers RM, Wood DL, Bitman J: Circadian and ultradian rhythms of body temperature and peripheral concentrations of insulin and nitrogen in lactating dairy cows. Dom Anim Endocrinol 16:41-55, 1999.
Murray G, Allen NB, Trinder J: Mood and the circadian system: investigation of a circadian component in positive affect. Chronobiol Int 19:1151-1169, 2002.
Nelson W, Tong U, Lee J, Halberg F: Methods for cosinor rhythmometry. Chronobiologia 6:305-323, 1979.
Piccione G, Caola G, Refinetti R: Daily and estrous rhythmicity of body temperature in domestic cattle. BMC Physiol 3:7-14, 2003.
Piccione G, Caola G, Mortola JP: Day/night pattern of arterial blood gases in the cow. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 20:33-41, 2004.
Piccione G, Caola G, Refinetti R: Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep. Comp Biochem Physiol 142:389-396, 2005.
Piccione G, Grasso F, Fazio F, Assenza A, Caola G: Influence of different schedules of feeding on daily rhythms of blood urea and ammonia concentration in cows. Biol Rhythm Res 38:133-139, 2007a.
Piccione G, Giannetto C, Costa A, Caola G: Daily rhythms of total activity in rabbits during different light/dark schedules. Trends Appl Sci Res 2:360-364, 2007b.
Piccione G, Giannetto C, Assenza A, Fazio F, Caola G: Locomotor activity and serum tryptophan and serotonin in goats: daily rhythm. J Appl Biomed 6:47-53, 2008.
Piccione G, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Assenza A, Caola G: Daily rhythm of tear production in normal dog maintained under different light/dark cycles. Res Vet Sci in press, 2008.
Refinetti R: Non-stationary time series and the robustness of circadian rhythms. J Theor Biol 227:571-581, 2004.
Refinetti R: Circadian Physiology 2nd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, 2005.
Robinson JL, Foustock S, Chanez M, Bois-Joyeux B, Peret J: Circadian variation of liver metabolites and amino acids in rats adapted to a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet. J Nutr 111:1711-1720, 1981.
Rutter J, Reick M, McKnight SL: Metabolism and the control of circadian rhythms. Annu Rev Biochem 71:307-331, 2002.
Schibler U, Sassone-Corsi P: A web of circadian pacemakers. Cell 111:919-922, 2002.
Zheng BH, Albrecht U, Kaasik K, Sage M, Lu MQ, Vaishnav S, Li Q, Sun ZS, Eichele G, Bradley A, Lee CC: Nonredundant roles of the mPer1 and mPer2 genes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 105:683-94, 2001.
Zulley J, Wever R, Aschoff J: The dependence of onset and duration of sleep on the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature. Pflugers Arch 391:314-318, 1981.
|
CITED
Piccione G, Marafioti S, Giannetto C, Messina V, Monteverde V, Guercio A, Giudice E. Role of bacterial disease on daily rhythm of some metabolic parameters in dairy cow. Comp Clin Pathol. 22: 277-281, 2013.
Giannetto C, Casella S, Giudice E, Marafioti S, Fazio F, Piccione G. Daily rhythms of acute phase proteins in cattle under different natural environmental conditions. Livestock Sci. 149: 195-200, 2012.
Piccione G, Messina V, Alberghina D, Giannetto C, Casella S, Assenza A. Seasonal variations in serum protein fractions of dairy cows during different physiological phases. Comp Clin Pathol. 21: 1439-1443, 2012.
Giudice E, Messina V, Marafioti S, Monteverde V, Bazzano M, Piccione G, Guercio A. Influence of Brucella infection on circadian rhythm of haematological parameters in dairy cows. Large Anim Rev. 18: 75-77, 2012.
Piccione G, Giannetto C, Casella S, Marafioti S, Messina V, Assenza A, Faggio C, Fazio F. Nycthemeral rhythms of total locomotor activity and oxidative markers in horse. J Appl Biomed. 9: 43-48, 2011.
Giannetto C, Fazio F, Assenza A, Caola G, Pennisi P, Piccione G. Circadian rhythms of redox states and total locomotor activity in dairy cattle. Czech J Anim Sci. 55: 183-189, 2010.
|
