SUMMARY
Guinea pigs were intoxicated intramuscularly with different doses of soman, and cholinesterase activities were determined in the blood, diaphragm and parts of the brain - the pontomedullar area, the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia. The time course of poisoning following low doses (1,3, 5 microg/kg) and a dose equal to 1xLD50 (28.5 microg/kg) were studied. The dose having a negligible effect on cholinesterases in the tissues studied was assessed at 1-3 microg/kg, and, following administration of a dose of 5 microg/kg, statistically significant blood cholinesterase inhibition was demonstrated.
KEY WORDS
blood; brain parts; cholinesterases; guinea pig; soman; inhibition in vivo
REFERENCES
Bajgar J. The influence of inhibitors and other factors on cholinesterases. Sbor Ved Pr LFUK (Hradec Kralove). 34: 3-75, 1991.
Bajgar J. Biological monitoring of exposure to nerve agents. Brit J Ind Med. 49: 648-653, 1992.
[PubMed]
Bajgar J. Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning: mechanism of action, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. Adv Clin Chem. 38: 151-216, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Bajgar J, Sevelova L, Krejcova G, Fusek J, Vachek J, Kassa J, Herink J, de Jong LPA, Benschop HP. Biochemical and behavioral effects of soman vapours in low concentrations. Inhal Toxicol. 16: 497-507, 2004.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bajgar J, Hajek P, Slizova D, Krs O, Fusek J, Kuca K, Jun D, Bartosova L, Blaha V. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity in different brain areas following intoxication with nerve agents: biochemical and histochemical study. Chem Biol Interact. 165: 14-21, 2007.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bajgar J, Fusek J, Kassa J, Jun D, Kuca K, Hajek P. An attempt to assess functionally minimal acetylcholinesterase activity necessary for survival of rats intoxicated with nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact. 175: 281-285, 2008.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Bajgar J, Jun D, Kuca K, Fusek J, Zdarova Karasova J, Kassa J, Cabal J, Blaha V. Inhibition of blood cholinesterase by nerve agents in vitro. J Appl Biomed. 7: 201-206, 2009.
[JAB]
Clement JG. Survivors of soman poisoning: recovery of the soman LD50 to control value in the presence of extensive acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Arch Toxicol. 63: 150-154, 1989.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Clement JG, Hand BT, Shilhoff JD. Differences in the toxicity of soman in various strains of mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1: 419-420, 1981.
[CrossRef]
DeMar JC, Clarkson ED, Ratcliffe RH, Campbell AJ, Thangavelu SG, Herdman CA, Leader H, Schulz SM, Marek E, Medynets MA, Ku TC, Evans SA, Khan FA, Owens RR, Nambiar MP, Gordon RK. Pro-2-PAM therapy for central and peripheral cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact. 187: 191-198, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Ellman GL, Courtney DK, Andres V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 7: 88-95, 1961.
[CrossRef]
Fawcett WP, Aracava Y, Adler M, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Acute toxicity of organophosphorus compounds in guinea pigs is sex- and age-dependent and cannot be solely accounted for by acetylcholinesterase inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 328: 516-524, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Jokanovic M. Liver esterases and soman toxicity in the rat following partial hepatectomy. Biochem Pharmacol. 39: 797-799, 1990.
[CrossRef]
Jokanovic M. Current understanding of the mechanisms involved in metabolic detoxification of warfare nerve agents. Toxicol Lett. 188: 1-10, 2009.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Kadar T, Raveh L, Cohen G, Oz N, Baraness I, Balan A, Ashani Y, Shapira S. Distribution of 3H-soman in mice. Arch Toxicol. 58: 45-49, 1985.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Koplovitz I, Gresham VC, Dochterman LW, Kaminskis A, Stewart JR. Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Arch Toxicol. 66: 622-628, 1992.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Kuca K, Picha J, Cabal J, Liska F. Synthesis of the three monopyridinium oximes and evaluation of their potency to reactivate acetylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agents. J Appl Biomed. 2: 51-56, 2004.
[JAB]
Mamczarz J, Pereira EFR, Aracava Y, Adler M, Albuquerque EX. An acute exposure to a sub-lethal dose of soman triggers anxiety-related behavior in guinea pigs: interaction with acute restraint. Neurotoxicology. 31: 77-84, 2010.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Morita H, Yanagisava N, Nakajima T, Shimizu M, Hirabayashi H, Okudera H, Nohara M, Midorikawa Y, Mimura S. Sarin poisoning in Matsumoto, Japan. Lancet. 346: 290-293, 1995.
[CrossRef]
Musilek K, Kuca K, Jun D, Dolezal M. In vitro reactivation potency of bispyridinium (E)-but-2-ene linked acetylcholinesterase reactivators against tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. J Appl Biomed. 5: 25-30, 2007.
[JAB]
Novotny L, Misik J, Zdarova Karasova J, Kuca K, Bajgar J. Influence of different ways of euthanasia on the activity of cholinesterases in the rat. J Appl Biomed. 7: 133-136, 2009.
[JAB]
Nozaki H, Hori S, Shinozawa Y, Fujishima S, Takuma K, Kimura H, Suzuki M, Aikawa N. Relationship between pupil size and acetylcholinesterase activity in patients exposed to sarin vapor. Intensive Care Med. 23: 1005-1007, 1997.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Okumura T, Takasu N, Ishimatsu S, Miyanoki S, Mitsuhashi A, Kumada K, Tanaka K, Hinohara S: Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med 28:129-135, 1996.
[CrossRef]
Patocka J. Military Toxicology (in Czech). Grada Publishing and Avicenum, Prague, 2004, 178 pp.
Patocka J, Cabal J, Kuca K, Jun D. Oxime reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by toxic phosphorus esters: in vitro kinetics and thermodynamics. J Appl Biomed. 3: 91-99, 2005.
[JAB]
Shih TM, Penetar DM, McDonough JH, Romano JA, King JM. Age-related differences in soman toxicity and in blood and regional cholinesterase activity. Brain Res Bull. 24: 429-436, 1990.
[CrossRef]
Shih TM, Kan RK, McDonough JH. In vivo cholinesterase inhibitory specificity of organophosphorus nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact. 157-158: 293-303, 2005.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Shih TM, Skovira JW, McDonough JH. Effects of 4-pyridine aldoxime on nerve agent inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea pigs. Arch Toxicol. 83: 1083-1089, 2009a.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Shih TM, Skovira JW, O'Donnell JC, McDonough JH. Evaluation of nine oximes on in vivo reactivation of blood, brain, and tissue cholinesterase activity inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents at lethal dose. Toxicol Mech Methods. 19: 386-400, 2009b.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Skopec F, Bajgar J. Anticholinesterase action of organophosphates: importance of the liver. Sbor Ved Pr LFUK (Hradec Kralove). 36: 83-92, 1993.
Sterri SH, Fonnum F. Detoxification of organophosphorus compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 49 (Suppl. 1): 89, 1981.
Zdarova Karasova J, Bajgar J, Novotny L, Kuca K. Is a high dose of Huperzine A really suitable for pretreatment against high doses of soman? J Appl Biomed. 7: 93-99, 2009a.
[JAB]
Zdarova Karasova J, Bajgar J, Jun D, Pavlikova R, Kuca K. Time-course changes of acetylcholinesterase activity in blood and some tissues in rats after intoxication by Russian VX. Neurotox Res. 16: 356-360, 2009b.
[CrossRef]
[PubMed]
|
CITED
Pohanka M, Fusek J, Adam V, Kozek R. Carbofuran assay using Gelatin based Biosensor with Acetylcholinesterase as a Recognition Element. Int J Electrochem Sci. 8: 71-79, 2013.
|
