SUMMARY
Age related neurodegenerative disorders are becoming a serious public health problem. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease pathologically recognizable by deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Oxidative stress probably plays a pivotal role in AD, but despite expectations, antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and flavonoids have failed as effective prophylaxis and/or treatment. Melatonin, a hormone controlling circadian rhythm, is a potent terminal antioxidant. In vitro tests and animal models have established that the application of melatonin could be beneficial for the amelioration of AD progression. Unfortunately, melatonin effects in human beings are not well understood and a lot of work has still to be done. The review summarizes the basic facts about melatonin and its prospects as a treatment for AD using its hormonal and antioxidant properties.
KEY WORDS
Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid plaques; neurofibrillary tangles; tau; amyloid beta; oxidative stress; melatonin; antioxidant
REFERENCES
Alfirevic A, Mills T, Carr D, Barratt BJ, Jawaid A, Sherwood J, Smith JC, Tugwood J, Hartkoorn R, Owen A, Park KB, Pirmohamed M. Tacrine-induced liver damage: an analysis of 19 candidate genes. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 17: 1091-1100, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Bassil N, Thaipisuttikul P, Grossberg GT. Memantine ER, a one-daily formulation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11: 1765-1771, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Berger J. A two-clock model of circadian timing in the immune system of mammals. Pathol Biol (Paris). 56: 286-291, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Bonner LT, Peskind ER. Pharmacologic treatments of dementia. Med Clin North Am. 86: 657-674, 2002.
Boyd-Kimball D, Sultana R, Mohammad-Abdul H, Butterfield DA. Rodent Abeta(1-42) exhibits oxidative stress properties similar to those of human Abeta(1-42): Implication for proposed mechanisms of toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis. 6: 515-525, 2004.
Bustos-Obregon E, Gonzalez JR, Espinoza O. Melatonin as protective agent for the cytotoxic effects of diazinon in the spermatogenesis in the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Ital J Anat Embryol. 110: 159-165, 2005.
Butterfield DA. Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease brain. A review. Free Radic Res. 36: 1307-1313, 2002.
Butterfield DA, Kanski J. Methionine residue 35 is critical for the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties of Alzeheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide 1-42. Peptides. 23: 1299-1309, 2002.
Butterfiedl DA, Lauderback CM. Lipid peroxidation an protein oxidation in Alzheimer’s disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 32: 1050-1060, 2002.
[CrossRef]
Caballero B, Vega-Naredo I, Sierra V, Huidobro-Fernandez C, Soria-Valles C, De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Tolivia D, Gutierrez-Cuesta J, Pallas M, Camins A, Rodriguez-Colunga MJ, Coto-Montes A. Favorable effects of a prolonged treatment with melatonin on the level of oxidative damage and neurodegeneration in sensescen-ce-accelerated mice. J Pineal Res. 45: 302-311, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Caballero B, Vega-Naredo I, Sierra V, Huidobro-Fernandez C, Sorie-Valles C, De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Tolivia D, Pallas M, Camins A, Rodriguez-Colunga MJ, Coto-Montes A. Melatonin alters cell death processes in response to age-related oxidative stress in the brain of senescence-accelerated mice. J Pineal Res. 46: 106-114, 2009.
Cai T, Che H, Yao T, Chen Y, Huang C, Zhang W, Du K, Zhang J, Cao Y, Chen J, Luo W. Manganese induces tau hyperphosphorylation through the activation of ERK MAPK pathway in PC12 cells. Toxicol Sci. 119: 169-177, 2011.
[CrossRef]
Casoli T, Di Stefano G, Balietti M, Solazzi M, Giorgetti B, Fattoretti P. Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of platelets. Biogerontology. 11: 627-633, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Castro A, Martinez A. Targeting beta-amyloid pathogenesis through acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des. 12: 4377-4387, 2006.
Clementi ME, Misiti F. Substitution of methionine 35 inhibits apoptotic effects of Abeta(31-35) and Abeta (25-35) fragments of amyloid beta protein in PC12 cells. Med Sci Monit. 11: BR381-385, 2005.
Clementi ME, Pezzotti M, Orsini F, Sampaolese B, Mezzogori D, Grassi C, Giardina B, Misiti F. Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) induces cell death in human neuroblastoma via bax/bcl-2 ratio increase: an intriguing role for methionine 35. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 342: 206-213, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Coen K, Annaert W. Presenilins: how much more than gamma-secretase?! Biochem Soc Trans. 38: 1474-1478, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Cole SL, Vassar R. The Alzheimer’s disease beta-secretase enzyme, BACE I. Mol Neurodeg. 2: 22, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Cuesta S, Kireev R, Forman K, Garcia C, Escames G, Ariznavarreta C, Vara E, Tresguerres JAF. Melatonin improves inflammation processes in liver of senescence-accelerated prone male mice (SAMP8). Exp Gerontol. 45: 950-956, 2010.
[CrossRef]
David R, Zeitzer J, Friedman L, Noda A, O’Hara R, Robert P, Yesavage JA. Non-pharmacologic management of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 14: 203-206, 2010.
Decker H, Jurgensen S, Adrover MF, Brito-Moreira J, Bomfim TR, Klein WL, Epstain AL, De Felice FG, Jerusalinsky D, Ferreira ST. N-methyl-D- aspartate receptors are required for synaptic targeting of Alzheimer’s toxic amyloid-beta peptide oligomers. J Neurochem. 115: 1520-1529, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Desilets AR, Gickas JJ, Dunican KC. Role of huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Pharmacother. 43: 514-518, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Stampfer MJ, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia. Arch Neurol. 67: 819-825, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Dikmernoglu N, Ileri E, Seringec N, Ercil D. Melatonin prevents lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes but augments deterioration of deformability after in vitro oxidative stress. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 40: 235-242, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Doraiswamy PM. Non-cholinergic strategies for treating and preventing Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Drugs. 16: 811-824, 2002.
Dowling GA, Burr RL, Van Someren EJ, Hubbard EM, Luxenberg JS, Mastick J, Cooper BA. Melatonin and bright-light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 56: 239-246, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Estevao MS, Carvalho LC, Ribeiro D, Couto D, Freitas M, Gomes A, Ferreira LM, Fernandes E, Marques MMB. Antioxidant activity of unexplored indole derivatives: synthesis and screening. Eur J Med Chem. 45: 4869-4878, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Fernandez-Bachiller MI, Perez C, Campillo NE, Paez JA, Gonzalez-Munoz GC, Usan P, Garcia-Palomero E, Lopez MG, Villaroya M, Garcia AG, Martinez A, Rodriguez-Franco MI. Tacrine- melatonin hybrids as multifunctional agents for Alzheimer’s disease, with cholinergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Chem Med Chem. 4: 828-841, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Flaherty DP, Kiyota T, Dong Y, Ikezu T, Vennerstrom JL. Phenolic bis-styrylbenzenes as beta-amyloid binding ligands and free radicals scavengers. J Med Chem. 53: 7992-7999, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Furio AM, Brusco LI, Cardinali DP. Possible therapeutic value of melatonin in mild cognitive impairement: a retrospective study. J Pineal Res. 43: 404-409, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Garcia JJ, Reiter RJ, Guerrero JM, Escames G, Yu BP, Ho CS, Munoz-Hoyos A. Melatonin prevents changes in microsomal membrane fluidity during induced lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett. 408: 297-300, 1997.
Garcia JJ, Pinol-Ripoll G, Martinez-Ballarin E, Fuentes-Broto L, Miana-Mena FJ, Venegas C, Caballero B, Escames G, Coto-Montes A, Acuna-Castroviejo D. Melatonin reduces membrane rigidity and oxidative damage in the brain of SAMP(8) mice. Neurobiol Aging, 2010 - In press, doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging. 2009.12.013.
Gemma C. Neuroimmunomodulation and aging. Aging Dis. 1: 169-172, 2010.
Gendelman HE. Neural immunity: friend or foe? J Neurovirol. 8: 474-479, 2002.
[CrossRef]
Gilca M, Stoian I, Atanasiu V, Virgolici B. The oxidative hypothesis of senescence. J Postgrad Med. 53: 207-213, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Gutierrez-Cuesta J, Sureda FX, Romeu M, Canudas AM, Caballero B, Coto-Montes A, Camins A, Pallas M. Chronic administration of melatonin reduces cerebral injury biomarkers in SAMP8. J Pineal Res. 42: 394-402, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Guzy RD, Hoyos B, Robin E, Chen H, Liu L, Mansfield KD, Simon MC, Hammerling U, Schumacker PT. Mitochondrial complex III is required for hypoxia-induced ROS production and cellular oxygen sensing. Cell Metab. 1: 401-408, 2005.
[CrossRef]
He G, Luo W, Li P, Remmers C, Netzer WJ, Hendrick J, Bettayeb K, Flajolet M, Gorelick F, Wennogle LP, Greengard P. Gamma-secretase activating preotein is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 467: 95-98, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Hill SM, Frasch T, Xiang S, Yuan L, Duplessis T, Mao L. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integr Cancer Ther. 8: 337-346, 2009.
Ill-Raga G, Ramos-Fernandez E, Guix FX, Tajex M, Bosch-Morato M, Palomer E, Godoy J, Belmar S, Cerpa W, Simpkins JW, Inestrosa And NC, Munoz FJ. Amyloid-beta peptide fibrils induce nitro-oxidative stress in neuronal cells. J Alzheimers Dis. 22: 641-652, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Jan A, Adolfosson O, Allaman I, Buccarello AL, Magistretti PJ, Pfeifer A, Muhs A, Lashuel HA. A(beta)42 neurotoxicity is mediated by ongoing nucleated polymerization process rather than by discrete A(beta)42 species. J Biol Chem. 286: 8585-8596, 2011a.
[CrossRef]
Jan JE, Reiter RJ, Wong PK, Bax MC, Ribary U, Wasdell MB. Melatonin has membrane receptro-independent hypnotic action on neurons: an hypothesis. J Pineal Res. 50: 233-240, 2011b.
[CrossRef]
Jansen SL, Forbes DA, Morgan DG. Melatonin for cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD003802.pub3, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Jonsson L, Wimo A. The cost of dementia in Europe: a review of the evidence, and methodological considerations. Pharmacoeconomics. 27: 391-403, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Juranek I, Bezek S. Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species - cause or consequence of tissue injury? Gen Physiol Biophys. 24: 263-278, 2005.
Kadlcik V, Sicard-Roselli C, Mattioli TA, Kodicek M, Houee-Levin C. One-electron oxidation of beta-amyloid peptide: sequence modulation of reactivity. Free Radic Biol Med. 37: 881-891, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Kao PF, Davis DA, BAnigan MG, Vanderburg CR, Seshadri S, Delalle I. Modulators of cytoskeletal rearganization in CA1 hippocampal neurons show increased expression in patients at mid-stage Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 5:e13337, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Karasek M. Melatonin, human aging, and age-related diseases. Exp Gerontol. 39: 1723-1729, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Karasek M, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and aging. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 1: 14-16, 2002.
Korabecny J, Musilek K, Holas O, Binder J, Zemek F, Marek J, Pohanka M, Opletalova V, Dohnal V, Kuca K. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of N-alkyl-7-methoxytacrine hydrochlorides as potential cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 20: 6093-6095, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Korkmaz A, Reiter RJ, Topal T, Manchester LC, Oter S, Tan DX. Melatonin: an established antioxidant worthy of use in clinical trials. Mol Med. 15: 43-50, 2009.
Kuperstein I, Broersen K, Benilova I, Rozenski J, Jonckheere W, Debulpaep M, Vandersteen A, Sagers-Nolten I, Van Der Werf K, Subramaniam V, Braeken D, Callewaert G et al. Neurotoxicity of Alzheimer’s disease Abeta peptides is induced by small changes in the A(beta)42 to A(beta)40 ratio. EMBO J. 29: 3408-3420, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Lei P, Ayton S, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA, Masters CL, Bush AI. Tau protein: relevance to Parkinson’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 42: 1775-1778, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Leinonen V, Koivisto AM, Savolainen S, Rummukainen J, Tamminen JN, Tillgren T, VAinikka S, Pyykko OT, Molsa J, Fraunberg M, Pirtilla T, Jaaskelainen JE et al. Amyloid and tau proteins in cortical brain biopsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 68: 446-453, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Lipton SA. The molecular basis of memantine action in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurologic disorders: low affinity, uncompetitive antagonism. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2: 155-165, 2005.
Lopez-Arrieta JM, Schneider L. Metrifonate for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003155, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Maharaj DS, Glass BD, Daya S. Melatonin: new places in therapy. Biosci Rep. 27: 299-320, 2007.
[CrossRef]
Mangialasche F, Kivipelto M, Mecocci P, Rizzuto D, Palmer K, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. High plasma levels of vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in advanced age. J Alzheimers Dis. 20: 1029-1037, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Mistralleti G, Sabbatini G, Taverna M, Figini MA, Umbrello M, Magni P, Ruscica M, Dozio E, Esposti R, DeMartini G, Fraschini F, Rezzani R et al. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered melatonin in critically ill patients. J Pineal Res. 48: 142-147, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Mollace V, Muscoli C, Masini E, Cuzzocrea S, Salvemini D. Modulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors. Pharmacol Rev. 57: 217-252, 2005.
[CrossRef]
Murawska-Cialowicz E, Januszewska L, Zuwala-Jagiello J, Milczarska J, Zawadzki M, Paprocka-Borowicz M, Wierbicka-Damska I. Melatonin decreases homocysteine level in blood of rats. J Physiol Pharmacol. 59: 717-729, 2008.
Murphy MP, LeVine H. Alzheimer’s disease and the beta-amyloid peptide. J Alzheimers Dis. 19: 311-323, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Nopparat C, Porter JE, Ebadi M, Govitrapong P. The mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against methamphetamine-induced autophagy. J Pineal Res. 49: 382-389, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Nunes DM, Mota RMS, Machado MO, Pereira EDB, de Bruin VMS, de Bruin PFC. Effect of melatonin administration on subjective sleep quality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Braz J Med Biol Res. 41: 926-931, 2008.
Petrosillo G, Fattoretti P, Matera M, Ruggiero FM, Bertoni-Freddari C, Paradies G. Melatonin prevents age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain via cardiolipin protection. Rejuvenation Res. 11: 935-943, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Pickrell AM, Fukui H, Moraes CT. The role of cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in ROS and amyloid plaque formation. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 41: 453-456, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Pohanka M, Kuca K, Kassa J. New performance of biosensor technology for Alzheimer’s disease drugs: in vitro comparison of tacrine and 7-methoxytacrine. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 29: 755-758, 2008.
Pohanka M, Musilek K, Kuca K. Progress of biosensors based on cholinesterase inhibition. Curr Med Chem. 16: 1790-1798, 2009.
Pohanka M, Sobotka J, Jilkova M, Stetina R. Oxidative stress after sulfur mustard intoxication and its reduction by melatonin: efficacy of antioxidant therapy during serious intoxication. Drug Chem Toxicol. 34: 85-91, 2011a.
[CrossRef]
Pohanka M, Sobotka J, Stetina R. Sulfur mustard induced oxidative stress and its alteration by epigallocatechin gallate. Toxicol Lett., 2011b - In press, doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.011.
Potter PE. Investigational medications for treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 110: S27-S36, 2010.
Prendergast BJ. MT1 melatonin receptors mediate somatic, behavioral, and reproductive neuroendocrine responses to photoperiod and melatonin in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology. 15: 714-721, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Raji CA, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Carmichael OT, Becker JT. Age, Alzheimer disease, and brain structure. Neurology. 73: 1899-1905, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Sano M, Enesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 336: 1216-1222, 1997.
[CrossRef]
Schernhammer E, Chen H, Ritz B. Circulating melatonin levels: possible link between Parkinson’s disease and cancer risk? Cancer Causes Control. 17: 577-582, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Schumock GT. Economic consideration in the treatment and management of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 55: S17-S21, 1998.
Song MS, Rauw G, Baker GB, Kar S. Memantine protects rat cortical cultured neurons against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity by attenuating tau phosphorylation. Eur J Neurosci. 28: 1989-2002, 2008.
[CrossRef]
Song Y, Dowling GA, Wallhagen MI, Lee KA, Strawbridge WJ. Sleep in older aults with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci Nurs. 42: 190-198, 2010.
Soni MG, Thurmond TS, Miller ER, Spriggs T, Bendich A, Omaye ST. Safety of vitamins and minerals: controversies and perspective. Toxicol Sci. 118: 348-355, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Sugden D, Davidson K, Hough KA, Teh MT. Melatonin, melatonin receptors and melanophores: a moving story. Pigment Cell Res. 17: 454-460, 2004.
[CrossRef]
Sultan A, Nesslany F, Violet M, Begard S, Loyens A, Talahari S, Mansuroglu Z, Marzin D, Sergeant N, Humez S, Colin M, Bonnefoy E, Buee L, Galas MC. Nuclear tau: a key player in neuronal DNA protection. J Biol Chem. 286: 4566-4575, 2011.
[CrossRef]
Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Qi WB, Karbownik M, Calvo JR. Significance of melatonin in antioxidative defense system: reactions and products. Biol Signals Recept. 9: 137-159, 2000.
Taylor SR, Weiss JS. Review of insomnia pharmacotherapy options for the elderly: implications for managed care. Popul Health Manag. 12: 317-323, 2009.
[CrossRef]
Tumiatti V, Minarini A, Bolognesi ML, Milelli A, Rosini M, Melchiorre C. Tacrine derivatives and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Med Chem. 17: 1825-1838, 2010.
Venkataraman P, Selvakumar K, Krishnamoorthy G, Muthusami S, Rameshkumar R, Prakash S, Arunakaran J. Effect of melatonin on PCB (Aroclor 1254) induced neuronal damage and changes in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase-4 mRNA expression in cerebral cortes, cerebellum and hippocampus of adult rats. Neurosci Res. 66: 189-197, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, McConnachie A, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety. BMC Med. 8: 51, 2010.
[CrossRef]
Wang JZ, Wang ZF. Role of melatonin in Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 27: 41-49, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Wetzels RB, Zuidema SU, de Jonghe JF, Verhey FR, Koopmans RT. Course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in residents with dementia in nursing homes over 2-year period. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 18: 1054-1065, 2010.
Wiesenberg I, Missbach M, Kahlen JP, Schrader M, Carlberg C. Transcriptional activation of the nuclear receptor RZRalpha by the pineal gland hormone melatonin and identification of CGP 52608 as a synthetic ligand. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 327-333, 1995.
Wilson RS, Mendes De Leon CF, Barnes LL, Schneider JA, Evans DA, Bennett DA. Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 287: 742-748, 2002.
Winiarska K, Fraczyk T, Malinska D, Drozak J, Bryla J. Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in rabbits. J Pineal Res. 40: 168-176, 2006.
[CrossRef]
Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, Butterfield DA. Vitamin E prevents Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) induced neuronal protein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production. J Alzheimers Dis. 2: 123-131, 2000.
Zhang JM, Hu GY. Huperzine A, a nootropic alkaloid, inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced current in rat dissociated hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience. 105: 663-669, 2001.
Zheng WH, Bastianetto S, Menniken F, Ma W, Kar S. Amyloid beta peptide induces tau phosphorylation and loss of cholinergic neurons in rat primary septal cultures. Neuroscience. 115: 201-211, 2002.
[CrossRef]
Zhou JN, Liu RY, Kamphorst W, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Early neuropathological Alzheimer’s changes in aged individuals are accompanied by decreased cerebrospinal fluid melatonin levels. J Pineal Res. 35: 125-130, 2003.
|
CITED
Pohanka M, Pavlis O. Tacrine can suppress immune response to tularemia in BALB/c mouse model. J Appl Biomed. 11: 187-193, 2013.
Pohanka M. Impact of melatonin on immunity: A review. Central Eur J Med. 8: 369-376, 2013.
Pavic K, Zorc B. Melatonin. [Melatonin]. Farmaceutski Glasnik. 69: 249-265, 2013.
Pohanka M, Dobes P. Caffeine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, but not butyrylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci. 14: 9873-9882, 2013.
Chen X, Decker M. Multi-target compounds acting in the central nervous system designed from natural products. Curr Med Chem. 20: 1673-1685, 2013.
Pohanka M. Biosenzory zalozene na cholinesterasach. [Biosensors based on cholinesterases]. Chem Listy. 107: 121-125, 2013.
Pohanka M, Fusek J, Adam V, Kizek R. Carbofuran assay using gelatin based biosensor with acetylcholinesterase as a recognition element. Int J Electrochem Sci, 8: 71-79, 2013.
Pohanka M, Hynek D, Kracmarova A, Kruseova J, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Sochor J, Adam V, Hubalek J, Masarik M, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Voltammetry assay for assessment of oxidative stress linked pathologies in brain tumor suffered childhood patients. Int J Electrochem Sci. 7: 11978-11992, 2012.
Kepp KP. Bioinorganic chemistry of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Rev. 112: 5193-5239, 2012.
Sochor J, Pohanka M, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Zitka O, Hynek D, Mares P, Zeman L, Adam V, Kizek R. Effect of selenium in organic and inorganic form on liver, kidney, brain and muscle of Wistar rats. Central Eur J Chem. 10: 1442-1451, 2012.
Pohanka M, Pavlis O, Pikula J. Galantamine effect on tularemia pathogenesis in a BALB/c mouse model. Iranian Biomed J. 16: 1-6, 2012.
Pohanka M. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: A patent review (2008 present). Expert Opin Therap Patents. 22: 871-886, 2012.
Pohanka M, Sochor J, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Cernei N, Adam V, Hubalek J, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Automated assay of the potency of natural antioxidants using pipetting robot and spectrophotometry. J Appl Biomed. 10: 155-167, 2012.
Pohanka M. Antioxidants Countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Mini-Rev Med Chem. 12: 742-748, 2012.
Tsao R, Li H. Antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo: Realistic assessments of efficacy of plant extracts. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 7, art. no. A5, 2012.
Pohanka M, Zemek F, Bandouchova H, Pikula J. Toxicological scoring of Alzheimer's disease drug huperzine in a guinea pig model. Toxicol Mech Methods. 22: 231-235, 2012.
|
